Trichinella detection in wild boar meat intended for private consumption: Insights from a European study

Abstract

Private consumption of wild boar meat is increasingly widespread across Europe. Notably, only a small proportion of hunted game is processed through approved establishments, while the majority is intended for private consumption. Testing wild boar meat for Trichinella spp. is mandatory when the meat is placed on the market. However, for private consumption this testing may not be carried out, raising public health concerns due to the risk of Trichinella spp. infection. To assess this risk, a survey was conducted in 26 European countries to collect data on the number of hunted wild boars (Sus scrofa) intended for private consumption and the prevalence of Trichinella spp. in wild boars, and to compare legislation and operational practices related to testing requirements, sample handling, diagnostic methods, training requirements, reporting procedures, mandatory measures for positive samples, penalties for non-compliance, and awareness-raising activities. Findings revealed significant heterogeneity in testing obligations, sample handling procedures, laboratory requirements, and enforcement mechanisms. While some countries mandate systematic testing and subsidize costs, others rely on voluntary testing or impose no requirements, leaving consumers at higher risk. Reported prevalence of Trichinella spp. in wild boar varied widely, ranging from 0% to over 6% across countries and years, though data availability was often inconsistent. Awareness campaigns and hunter training remain limited in many regions, contributing to underreporting, low compliance, and insufficient risk perception. Key challenges include lack of hunter engagement, insufficient testing facilities, and variable penalties for non-compliance. To mitigate risks, we recommend harmonizing surveillance strategies, expanding education and communication initiatives, ensuring accessible and affordable testing, and strengthening collaboration between veterinary authorities and hunting communities. Such measures are essential to reduce the zoonotic risk of trichinellosis linked to privately consumed wild boar meat in Europe.