Genetic Diversity of Canine Circovirus Detected in Wild Carnivores in Serbia

Abstract

Wild carnivore species such as golden jackals and red foxes are increasingly present near human settlements which is concerning since these animals represent reservoirs of diverse pathogens. Canine circovirus is an emerging virus known to cause various symptoms in domestic and wild carnivores and to complicate other infections. This study examined the presence and genetic characteristics of canine circovirus strains in these animals in an area in Northwest Serbia presented by diverse landscapes, transboundary locations, and overlapping between domestic and wild carnivore populations. The virus was detected in 31.6% of tissue samples, with jackals more commonly carrying strains typically found in domestic dogs, and foxes harboring a particular variant detected in wildlife. In several jackal samples, both virus variants were simultaneously detected, implying these animals may serve as hosts for viral mixing. Genetic examinations proved the presence of diverse virus strains, and genetic recombinations, revealing viral evolution. These results highlight the role of wild carnivores, especially jackals, as potential bridges between wildlife and domestic animals in viral transmission and evolution. Ongoing monitoring is essential for an improved understanding of the spreading of canine circovirus, evolutionary patterns, and potential risks to animal health, particularly in areas where domestic and wildlife populations increasingly overlap.